Contrastive analysis a presentation by lulud, nicko, and novian 2. Outline the assumptions of contrastive analysis and critically examine the procedures associated with this hypothesis. L1 and l2, pointing at the specific features of each language system in its major areas. Contrastive analysis, error analysis, interlanguage 1. Document resume the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Mar 06, 2014 linguistic levels of analysis contrastive analysis includes all fields of linguistics such as phonology, semantics, syntax, morphology and pragmatics. At the end are guiding questions for the educator to contemplate instruction and contrastive analysis. Along with this, moderate version of contrastive analysis hypothesis cah is used as a method for describing prepositional systems of kurdish and english languages as bloomfield 1933, fries 1945 and lado 1957 claimed that by comparing the systems of the native language and language to be. The psychological basis of this transfer theory is elaborated and formulated within a stimulusresponse behaviorist theory of psychology.
Gast explained that a l n stands for the analysis of a language l n and ac l1 l2 for the contrastive analysis of two languages l1 and l2. The strong form claims that we can predict l2 errors by identifying the differences between l1 and l2. Contrastive analysis hypothesis crosslinguistic influence. The individuals tend to transfer the forms and meanings and the distribution of forms and. It cannot find out the errors which are committed by the learners due to overgeneralization. The contrastive analysis hypothesis english language essay. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Contrastive analysis before discussing about the different hypothesis of contrastive analysis we should be familiar with the concept of difficulty and simplicity. There are various theories and approaches of sla which try to explain how l2 learning takes place. If so, share your ppt presentation slides online with. The theoretical foundations for what became known as the contrastive analysis hypothesis were formulated in robert lados linguistics across cultures 1957. And even if the answer to that question is a more or less hesitant affirmative, then one may well question the value to teachers and curriculum workers.
However, markedness theories predict it is not necessarily the structural differences that will lead to difficulty but the differences in markedness relations will do. Error analysis, interlanguage and second language acquisition. Each theory accounts for l2 acquisition from a different perspective. The change that has to take place in the language behavior of a foreign language student can be.
In the remainder of this discussion, i will conduct a contrastive analysis in which i compare the languages respective consonant and vowel systems, as well as a brief exploration of some phonotactic constraints. Contrastive analysis hypotheses cah strong version the change that has to take place in the language behavior of a foreign language student can be equated to the differences between the structure of the students native language and culture and that of. This is a brief overview of contrastive analysis for the reader to understand the main points. Contrastive analysis is a method to distinguish between what are needed and not needed to learn by the second language learner by evaluating languages m.
Contrastive linguistic between language particular analysis and application gast, n. Introduction this paper will try to explain what is meant by contrastive analysis and give a brief background of its development. The purpose of this paper is to propose that the contrastive analysis hypothesis cah should be revised to incorporate a notion of degree of difficulty. Lado, the study of second language acquisition, rod ellis p.
Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Critical examination of the assumptions of contrastive analysis. Contrastive analysis before discussing about the different hypothesis of contrastive analysis we should be familiar with the concept of difficulty and simplicity in language study, so we look at the hierarchy degrees of. Contrastive analysis, error analysis, markedness theory. Although contrastive analysis has often been questioned for its inadequacy to predict the transfer errors that learners will make in actual learning.
Contrastive analysis, error analysis and interlanguage in. The strong version is a priori, and the weak version is a posteriori in its treatment of errors. The corpusbased approach the relationship between contrastive linguistics cl and translation studies ts as two disciplines within the field of applied linguistics has been explored in depth by. Markedness and second language acquisition of word order. Doc contrastive analysis aleksandar grujic academia. Jun 25, 20 this looks at ways contrastive analysis hypothesis helps teachers predict errors that may occur. For example, german learners persist for some time in making erroneous choices between much and many despite the fact that german also makes a formal distinction between singular viel and plural viele. The theoretical foundations for what became known as the contrastive analysis hypothesis were formulated in lados linguistics across cultures 1957. However, contrastive analysis certainly cannot predict these developmental errors. Learning language, is a question of habit formation. Contrastive analysis and error analysis in combination with. Contrastive analysis hypothesis is an area of comparative linguistics which is concerned with the comparison of two or more languages to determine the. Supported by the behaviorist psychology which justified the learning process by a series of stimulus and responses. In this book, lado claimed that those elements which are similar to the learners native language will be simple for him, and those elements that are different will be difficult.
Contrastive analysis hypothesis errro analysis hypothesis. His proposed revision, the markedness differential hypothesis mdh, is stated below. Contrastive analysis literature crosslinguistictransfer. An overview of contrastive analysis hypothesis dergipark. A critical survey of contrastive analysis hypothesis in a. Contrastive linguistics and translation studies interconnected. In the course of the controversy over the viability of the cah in the last ten years, two versions of this hypothesis have emerged. Here we provide an overview of those processes as applied to content analysis, discuss reliability and validity in the context of content analysis, and conclude with an example of research that used content analysis. Theories of second language acquisition the contrastive analysis hypothesis cah in the 1950s, the study of second language acquisition sla was largely based on the contrastive hypothesis or contrastive analysis hypothesis, cah.
Linguistic levels of analysis contrastive analysis includes all fields of linguistics such as phonology, semantics, syntax, morphology and pragmatics. Contrastive analysis suffers from under prediction and over prediction. No uniformity is evident in contrastive analysis hypothesis. Full text of contrastive analysis and error analysis a. The definition ca is sla approach that compares features of l1 and l2 in order to determine the similarities and differences of l1 to l2 3. It exists in strong and weak versions, the strong one arising from evidence from the availability of some kind of metatheory of contrastive analysis and the weak from evidence from language interference. The contrastive analysis hypothesis contrastive analysis ca is defined as a sub discipline of linguistics concerned with the comparison of two or. The contrastive analysis hypothesis lado 1957 simply assumed that areas of difficulty might be predicted on the basis of comparison of the l1 with the l2 what is different will be difficult.
This is often referred to as the contrastive analysis hypothesis. This notion corresponds to typological markedness which can be determined independently of any particular language and independently of the facts concerning second language acquisition. The following assumptions mav be said to underlie the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Along with this, moderate version of contrastive analysis hypothesis cah is used as a method for describing prepositional systems of kurdish and english languages as bloomfield 1933, fries 1945 and lado 1957 claimed that by comparing the systems of the native language and language to. The assumption which contrastive hypothesis asserts was what made linguists to create the contrastive analysis hypothesis, which assumes that by analysing and comparing two language systems it can be seen where the learner may counter some difficulties and by doing that, the teacher can adjust his curriculum to minimise the errors and the effort of the learner. Acomparisonoftheenglishandtagalogsoundsystems 3between these two languages.
A part of the difficulties can be attributed to the mother. Cah applies the following procedure when attempting to predict areas of difficulty, as illustrated or stated by whitman 1970. Contrastive analysis is viewed as an interlinguistic, bidirectional phenomenon which is concerned with both the form and function of language. The claim that the best language teaching materials are based on a contrast of the two competing.
The strong version of the hypothesis is untenable and even the weak version creates difficulties for the linguist. Besides, i introduced the notion of the classical term interference, and i even trid to. Theories of second language acquisition sla play an important role in second language l2 learning. This paper sheds some light on the main ideas involved in two theories of second language acquisition. For example, we compare bahasa indonesia and english. The purpose of this study is to gather empirical evidence through an error anaqsis of the interlanguage of speakers of a source.
The application of contrastive analysis in the classroom. These theories can help both language teachers and their students to understand l2 language learning process. Contrastive analysis point of view proposed by lado 1957 in that structural differences between l1 and l2 will lead to learning difficulty. According to the contrastive analysis hypothesis formulated by. This means that their old habits may interfere with their learning task.
Contrastive analysis if language is a set of habits and if l1 habits can interfere with tl habits, then the proper focus of teaching should be on where the l1 and tl differ, since these are going to be the places which cause the most trouble for learners. Contrastive and error analysis based teaching strategies may 1998 mohammad umar farooq aichi womens junior college 1. This looks at ways contrastive analysis hypothesis helps teachers predict errors that may occur. He goes on to point out subsequent theorists criticism of the subjectivity of original cah observations and presents research finding no support for the predictions of the contrastive analyses so carefully worked out by linguists p. Contrastive analysis hypothesis errro analysis hypothesis ugrelated sla creative construction hypothesis markedness differential hypothesis monitor model competition model acculturation model c. My analysis focuses on the weak version what is transfer. Contrastive analysis hypothesis and krashans monitor model. The main difference between the approximative system hypothesis and the interlanguage hypothesis is that the latter emphasizes the structurally intermediate status of the learners language system between mother tongue and target language, while the former emphasizes the transitional and dynamic nature of the system keshavarz, 1999. According to this hypothesis, interference was a main source of errors in the process of second language.
Contrastive analysis interlanguage error analysis is the property of its rightful owner. As such, contrastive analysis must view language psycholinguistically and sociolinguistically as a system to be both described and acquired. Although contrastive analysis has often been questioned for its inadequacy to predict the transfer errors that learners will make in actual learning contexts it cannot be easily denied that such interference does exist and can explain difficulties brown, 1994, p. Contrastive analysis and error analysis between the english. Contrastive analysis and native language identification. Importance of errors in the process of learning and acquiring a language. The advantage of exploiting contrastive analysis in teaching and learning a f oreign language. View contrastive analysis research papers on academia. For example, german learners persist for some time in making erroneous choices between much and many despite the fact that german also makes a. The strong version of the hypothesis is untenable and even the.
The contrastive analysis hypothesis is founded on the assumption that learners tend to transfer grammatical and phonological features peculiar to their native tongue to the second language. In this video, i gave a basic explanation of the principles of the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Still a third hypothesis, and the one which is of special interest in this paper, is the contrastive analysis hypothesis, a hypothesis of particular this paper was presented at the tesol convention, march 1970. Wardhaugh 1970 pointed out that the contrastive analysis hypothesis exists in a strong and a weak form. Contrastive hypothesismorphology structure malay morphology arabic differences similaritiesconclusion 1. Contrastive analysis means the comparison of two languages by paying attention to differences and similarities between languages being compared. It even seems that contrastive studies should rather be regarded as an approach, not as a branch of general linguistics. Comparing and contrasting submodalities of different states or two different internal representations with each other and finding the critical submodalities. Ca is inadequate to predict the interference problems of a language learner. Students of a foreign language transfer the items, categories and structures of their native language to the target language. A contrastive analysis must proceed through four steps.
Wardhaugh, director of the english language institute of the university of. Contrastive analysis hypotheses cah strong version the change that has to take place in the language behavior of a foreign language student can be equated to the differences between the structure of the students native language and culture and that of the target language and culture. Contrastive analysis hypothesis by lin laoshi on prezi. Readers are encouraged to study more indepth to gain a full appreciation of this hypothesis. Lado 1957 proposed contrastive analysis hypothesis cah to explain the correlation between a native language l1 and a second language l2 in l2 acquisition.
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